PRIFIX AND SUFFIX

SUFFIX

1．-ness

adjective⇒noun

　-ness is added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality. For example, 'sadness' is the state of being sad and 'kindness' is the quality of being kind.

　・This is not good,' he said with great seriousness.

2．-less

noun⇒adjective

　-less is added to nouns in order to form adjectives that indicate that someone or something does not have the thing that the noun refers to.

　・drink and talk and meaningless laughter

　・He is not as friendless as he appeared to be.

3．-ist

PREFIX

1．anti-

⇒adjective、noun

　Anti- is used to form adjectives and nouns that describe someone or something that is opposed to a particular system, practice, or group of people.

　・anti-government demonstrations

　・anti-racist campaigners

　・anti-Fascists

　Anti- is used to form adjectives and nouns that describe things that are intended to destroy something harmful or to prevent something from happening.

　・anti-aircraft guns.

　・anti-discrimination legislation.

　・anti-inflammatory drugs.

2．vice-

3．pre-

⇒words

　Pre- is used to form words that indicate that something takes place before a particular date, period, or event.

　・his pre-war job

　・pre-1971 cars

　・life in pre-industrial England

　・pre-tax

5．de-

verb⇒verb

　De- is added to a verb in order to change the meaning of the verb to its opposite.

　・...becoming desensitized to the harmful consequences of violence.

　・how to decontaminate industrial waste sites.

noun⇒verb

　De- is added to a noun in order to make it a verb referring to the removal of the thing described by the noun.

　・I've defrosted the freezer.

　・The fires are likely to permanently deforest the land.

3．dis-

⇒words

　Dis- is added to some words that describe processes, qualities, or states, in order to form words describing the opposite processes, qualities, or states. For example, if you do not agree with someone, you disagree with them; if one thing is not similar to something else, it is dissimilar to it.

　・disagree

　・dissimilar

4．ex-

noun⇒noun

　ex- is added to nouns to show that someone or something is no longer the thing referred to by that noun. For example, a woman's ex-husband is no longer her husband.

　・my ex-wife

　・ex-President Reagan

　・an ex-soldier

5．post-

⇒words

　Post- is used to form words that indicate that something takes place after a particular date, period, or event.

　・...the post-1945 era

　・...the transition from industrial to post-industrial society.

　・...post-election euphoria.

7．mal-

⇒words

　Mal- is added to words in order to form new words which describe things that are bad or unpleasant, or that are unsuccessful or imperfect.

　・...Forty per cent of the population is suffering from malnutrition...

　・...The animals were seriously maltreated.